On 29 May 2025 the ICO reprimanded Greater Manchester Police (GMP) for failures in handling sensitive CCTV footage of a custody detainee, exposing gaps in data protection practices. The case highlights outdated policies, inadequate training, and procedural failings that led to missing footage.
Background
The data subject was held in custody at Pendleton Police Station for 48 hours in February 2021 during which CCTV was in operation. GMP became aware of serious allegation made against officers via local media and requested that Pendleton Police Station retain the personal data of the data subject. This was beyond the documented period of 90 days and the procedures in place at the time allowed for retention of a period of up to six years.
During the process of retaining the personal data, the personal data was quality checked to ensure its security. GMP had received multiple Data Subject Access Requests (DSARs) from the individual concerned. When GMP was able to comply with the request to release the footage captured, it was then quality checked.
Following a resolved technical issue, where one of the discs containing some of the data would not initially play and it was established on 19 May 2022 that two hours of footage was missing from the personal data set originally retained in 2021.
On 23 August 2023, GMP stated that, despite all attempts, it was unable to recover the missing two hours of footage. This led GMP to self-report a personal data breach to the ICO on 5 September 2023.
Findings
Following the assessment of information provided by both the Independent Office for Police Conduct and GMP who were conducting separate investigations with a different scope, the ICO has identified two main failures leading to this lack of quality check:
- A misunderstanding at the time between staff, each believing that the other had conducted a quality check
- A lack of any policies or guidelines at the time within GMP, identifying that quality checks were required, coupled with a lack of appointed responsibility for this task
Therefore, the ICO considers that the GMP failed to take the following actions:
- Provide the data subject with their personal data without undue delay and by the end of the applicable period of one month. This is because following the expiry of any exemptions in place to the right of access, GMP was not able to release all applicable personal data to the individual within the timeframe or to date. GMP did not provide the ICO with any evidence that it notified the data subject of any such extension.
- Ensure that the appropriate technical or organisational measures were in place to protect the accidental loss of the CCTV data it was processing in 2021. The ICO considers that had GMP had an appropriate standard operating procedure (SOP) in place, with clearly defined and delegated responsibilities for quality checking any backed-up personal data. This would have mitigated the risk of this breach. GMP failed to deploy an adequate SOP, designed to encompass the processing and retention of personal data beyond 90 days. The operating procedure that was in place had been developed in 2017 and had not been reviewed or amended since that time. In line with good practice, SOPs should be reviewed and updated, if necessary, once every 12 months.
- Conduct a data protection impact assessment (DPIA) in relation to their CCTV systems. A DPIA should have been conducted in compliance with section 64 of DPA 2018. A DPIA would have crucially assisted GMP in identifying shortfalls in their technical and organisational measures at the time.
- Provide the GMP’s custody officer with data protection training despite having a data protection training regime in place, which was supposed to have provided all staff members with data protection training during induction periods.
There were issues with the CCTV system itself such as:
- The CCTV system, in operation at the time, was only able to download captured footage for retention in half-hour or one-hour segments. This placed GMP staff at substantial risk of human error.
- The CCTV system did not save the half-hour/one-hour segments in chronological order, resulting in it being difficult to identify if all required footage had been captured.
- The CCTV system did not have any inbuilt alerts, identifying any errors that may have occurred during the back-up process.
Mitigating and remedial steps taken by GMP
The ICO took into account the following:
- GMP, at the time of the breach, had a requirement for a form of authorisation in place. This required the signed authorisation of an officer, ranked inspector or above, to allow the appropriate team access to the footage recorded on the server (held for 90-days before automatic overwrite).
- Any footage retained was stored by GMP in sealed evidence bags at the time. This ensured there was no break in the evidence chain, during the period the footage was held by GMP and Pendleton Police Station.
- GMP has undergone a proactive investment in their surveillance and security system infrastructure in 2023. This resulted in a significant upgrade to their system capabilities.
- GMP has introduced a strictly regulated process to ensure that only authorised force personnel had access to the footage held within the CCTV server. Access was restricted to qualified officers within the criminal justice and custody branch of GMP.
- GMP has informed the ICO of improvements to their security when managing DSARs from individuals. GMP advised that these requests are now administered centrally within their Information Access team. Where a DSAR is submitted, custody officers contact the relevant custody unit as soon as possible with urgent instructions as to how the footage is to be retained, so this is not overwritten. The footage is automatically uploaded to a dedicated local folder for DSARs. This location can only be accessed by authorised officers within the custody branch.
- Auditing of footage has been vastly improved. This provides a comprehensive account of which officers have accessed the footage, copied it to disc or the location of the server, with date stamps.
- GMP have already improved their SOP. The operating procedure has undergone a complete rewrite. GMP will ensure that this new procedure will be circulated moving forward across the force. GMP will ensure this procedure is now reviewed on an annual basis.
Action
Taking into account all the circumstances of this case, including the mitigating factors and remedial steps, the ICO decided to issue a reprimand to GMP. The ICO set out certain recommendations which do not form part of the reprimand and as such are not legally binding. Such recommendations include:
- When formulating a replacement for the current processes, GMP should create an appropriate SOP, detailing how any retained personal data should be quality checked.
- When developing the SOP, the roles and responsibilities for such checks should be clearly defined.
- Under section 64 of the DPA 2018, GMP is required to have a DPIA in place for this processing. GMP should develop a DPIA for this processing without delay if they haven’t done so already.
- GMP should deploy appropriate technical and administrative processes to monitor that all staff receive appropriate data protection training, which is refreshed at least every two years (recommended every year), in line with good practice. Staff should be trained and regularly refreshed on how to identify a personal data breach.
- All breaches should be reported to GMP’s Information Access team/Data Protection Officer for assessment and documentation.
- GMP should always keep a written record/assessment regarding their rationale not to inform the ICO of a breach.
Comment
While the ICO’s decision to reprimand, rather than fine, GMP reflects its Public Sector Approach – which avoids penalising taxpayer-funded organisations to prevent a “double hit” on victims and the public – this enforcement underscores the critical importance of protecting highly sensitive data, such as CCTV footage, where mishandling can lead not only to a data breach but a failure to respond to a data subject’s request. The key takeaway is to ensure measures are in place to comply with data protection laws in relation to CCTV such as access procedures, retention policies, security measures, staff training and data protection impact assessments.
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